Annunciating or power vending circuit breaker for an electric load

ABSTRACT

A circuit breaker for an electric load includes first and second terminals; a number of first separable contacts each electrically connected between one of the first terminals and one of the second terminals; a first mechanism to open, close or trip open the first contacts; a number of second separable contacts each electrically connected in series with a corresponding one of the first contacts; a second mechanism to open or close the second contacts; a processor to cause the second mechanism to open or close the second contacts, annunciate through one of the second terminals a power circuit electrical parameter for the electric load, receive from a number of the second terminals a confirmation from or on behalf of the electric load to cause the second mechanism to close the second contacts, and determine a fault state operatively associated with current flowing through the second contacts.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§ 120 from, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/753,793, filed Jan. 30,2013, entitled “ANNUNCIATING OR POWER VENDING CIRCUIT BREAKER FOR ANELECTRIC LOAD”, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference.

This application is related to commonly assigned, copending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/753,802, filed Jan. 30, 2013, entitled “ELECTRICPOWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM INCLUDING METERING FUNCTION AND METHOD OFEVALUATING ENERGY METERING” (Attorney Docket No. 12-CCB-853).

BACKGROUND Field

The disclosed concept pertains generally to electrical switchingapparatus and, more particularly, to circuit breakers.

Background Information

Circuit breakers used in residential and light commercial applicationsare commonly referred to as miniature circuit breakers because of theirlimited size. Such circuit breakers typically have a pair of separablecontacts opened and closed by a spring biased operating mechanism. Athermal-magnetic trip device actuates the operating mechanism to openthe separable contacts in response to a persistent overcurrent conditionor a short circuit.

In some applications, it has been found convenient to use circuitbreakers for other purposes than just protection, for instance, for loadshedding. It is desirable to be able to perform this function remotely,and even automatically, such as under the control of a computer.However, the spring biased operating mechanisms are designed for manualreclosure and are not easily adapted for reclosing remotely. In anyevent, such operating mechanisms are not designed for repeated operationover an extended period of time.

Remotely controllable circuit breakers or remotely operated circuitbreakers introduce a second pair of separable contacts in series withthe main separable contacts. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,301,083;5,373,411; 6,477,022; and 6,507,255. The main contacts still interruptthe overcurrent, while the secondary contacts perform discretionaryswitching operations. For example, the secondary contacts are controlledby a solenoid, which is spring biased to close the contacts, or by alatching solenoid.

Conventional ground fault circuit breakers provide ground faultdetection and thermal-magnetic overload sections that are coupled with asingle circuit breaker operating handle to indicate on, tripped and offstates, and to control opening and closing of the power circuit.

An electric vehicle (EV) charging station, also called an EV chargingstation, electric recharging point, charging point, and EVSE (ElectricVehicle Supply Equipment), is an element in an infrastructure thatsupplies electric energy for the recharging of electric vehicles,plug-in hybrid electric-gasoline vehicles, or semi-static and mobileelectrical units such as exhibition stands.

An EV charging station is a device that safely allows electricity toflow. These charging stations and the protocols established to createthem are known as EVSE, and they enhance safety by enabling two-waycommunication between the charging station and the EV.

The 1996 NEC Article 625 defines EVSE as being the conductors, includingthe ungrounded, grounded, and equipment grounding conductors, the EVconnectors, attachment plugs, and all other fittings, devices, poweroutlets or apparatus installed specifically for the purpose ofdelivering energy from premises wiring to an EV.

EVSE is defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) recommendedpractice J1772™ and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)National Electric Code (NEC) Article 625. While the NEC defines severalsafety requirements, J1772™ defines the physical conductive connectiontype, five pin functions (i.e., two power pins (Hot1 and Hot2 orneutral; or Line 1 and Line 2), one ground pin, one control pilot pin,and one proximity pin), the EVSE to EV handshake over the pilot pin, andhow both parts (EVSE and EV) are supposed to function.

Two-way communication seeks to ensure that the current passed to the EVis both below the limits of the EV charging station itself, below thelimits of the cordset connecting the EV charging station to the EV, andbelow the tripping limit of upstream protection devices, such as circuitbreakers. The EV is the load and the load dictates how much power isbeing pulled. The EV knows its own limits and since it sets the amountof current being pulled, communication is not required in order toprotect the EV. Instead, communication is employed to protect all of thedistribution equipment delivering power to the EV.

There are additional safety features, such as a load interlock, thatdoes not allow current to flow from the EV charging station until the EVconnector or EV plug is physically inserted into the EV and the EV isready to accept energy. Once the EV signals that it is finishedaccepting energy or the EV is unplugged, the load interlock continues toprevent current flow.

SAE J1772™ in the United States and the IEC 61851 standard in the restof the world or where applicable use a very simple but effective pilotcircuit and handshake in the EVSE. For charging a vehicle usingalternating current (AC), basically a signal is generated on the pilotpin, starting at a constant +12 Vdc open circuit when measured to theground pin. When the EVSE cable and connector is plugged into an EVinlet of a compliant vehicle, the vehicle's circuit has a resistor and adiode in series that ties to ground in order to drop the +12 Vdc to +9Vdc. After the EVSE sees this drop in voltage, it turns on a pulse-widthmodulated (PWM) generator that defines the maximum available linecurrent (ALC) on the charging circuit. This generated PWM signaloscillates between +12 Vdc and −12 Vdc when measured at its source. Thevehicle charge controller reads the percentage of the duty cycle of thePWM signal, which is equivalent to a set amperage, and sets the maximumcurrent draw on the onboard vehicle rectifier/charger, in order to nottrip an upstream circuit interrupter, such as a circuit breaker. Thevehicle, in turn, adds another resistor in parallel with the resistor ofthe vehicle's resistor and diode series combination, which then dropsthe top level of the PWM pilot signal to +6 Vdc while leaving the bottomlevel at −12 Vdc. This tells the EVSE that the vehicle is ready tocharge and that it is actually a vehicle and not simply a resistancesuch as a person's finger which caused the voltage drop. In response,the EVSE closes an internal relay/contactor to allow AC power to flow tothe vehicle.

Known EV charging stations consist generally of a completely separatedevice from a load center, panelboard, or normal upstream protection.Such EV charging stations are a special box with indicators for powerand state along with a connected EV cable/connector for the intendedpurpose of charging the EV. These EV charging stations require anupstream circuit breaker, and a completely separate, special enclosureand an EV cable/connector.

Electric utilities desire to separately meter and bill power going to anEV or other electric loads deemed applicable by the utility or otherauthority. Known methods require a separately derived metering system,which is relatively expensive and complex to install and manage. Thisprohibits technology adoption and implementation. There is room forimprovement in sub-metering, billing against, and managing electricloads deemed “special” or otherwise applicable by electric utilities orother authorities.

There is room for improvement in circuit breakers and EV chargingstations.

SUMMARY

These needs and others are met by various embodiments of the disclosedconcept in which a circuit breaker processor annunciates a power circuitelectrical parameter for an electric load (e.g., without limitation, anelectric vehicle), receives a confirmation from or on behalf of theelectric load to cause a mechanism to close the separable contacts, anddetermines a fault state operatively associated with current flowingthrough the separable contacts.

In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed concept, a circuitbreaker for an electric load comprises a plurality of first terminals; aplurality of second terminals; a number of first separable contacts eachof which is electrically connected between one of the first terminalsand one of the second terminals; a first mechanism structured to open,close or trip open the number of first separable contacts; a number ofsecond separable contacts each of which is electrically connected inseries with a corresponding one of the number of first separablecontacts and electrically connected between one of the first terminalsand one of the second terminals; a second mechanism structured to openor close the number of second separable contacts; a processor structuredto cause the second mechanism to open or close the number of secondseparable contacts, annunciate through one of the second terminals apower circuit electrical parameter for the electric load, receive from anumber of the second terminals a confirmation from or on behalf of theelectric load to cause the second mechanism to close the number ofsecond separable contacts, and determine a fault state operativelyassociated with current flowing through the number of second separablecontacts.

As another aspect of the disclosed concept, a power vending circuitbreaker for an electric load comprises: a plurality of first terminals;a plurality of second terminals; a number of separable contacts, atleast one of the number of separable contacts being electricallyconnected between one of the first terminals and one of the secondterminals; a thermal-magnetic protection circuit electrically connectedin series with the at least one of the number of separable contactsbetween the one of the first terminals and the one of the secondterminals; a metering circuit within the power vending circuit breakerand operatively associated with power flowing through the number ofseparable contacts between the one of the first terminals and the one ofthe second terminals; a mechanism structured to open or close the numberof separable contacts; a processor within the power vending circuitbreaker and structured to cause the mechanism to open or close thenumber of separable contacts, to input a plurality of power values fromthe metering circuit and to determine a plurality of energy values; anda communication mechanism cooperating with the processor to communicatethe energy values to a remote location.

As another aspect of the disclosed concept, a circuit breaker for anelectric load comprises: a plurality of first terminals; a plurality ofsecond terminals; a number of separable contacts each of which iselectrically connected between one of the first terminals and one of thesecond terminals; a mechanism structured to open or close the number ofseparable contacts; and a processor structured to cause the mechanism toopen or close the number of separable contacts, annunciate through oneof the second terminals a power circuit electrical parameter for theelectric load, receive from a number of the second terminals aconfirmation from or on behalf of the electric load to cause themechanism to close the number of separable contacts, and determine afault state operatively associated with current flowing through thenumber of separable contacts.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A full understanding of the disclosed concept can be gained from thefollowing description of the preferred embodiments when read inconjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electric vehicle (EV) circuit breaker inaccordance with embodiments of the disclosed concept.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a single-phase, two-line, double-pole EVcircuit breaker in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosedconcept.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a three-phase, three-pole EV circuitbreaker in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept.

FIGS. 4A-4B form a block diagram of an EV circuit breaker, EVSEconnector, and EV in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosedconcept.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a test/reset routine of the EV circuit breakerof FIGS. 4A-4B.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a top level routine of the EV circuit breakerof FIGS. 4A-4B.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a proximity logic routine of the EV circuitbreaker of FIGS. 4A-4B.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a ground fault detection routine of the EVcircuit breaker of FIGS. 4A-4B.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a fault and lockout logic routine of the EVcircuit breaker of FIGS. 4A-4B.

FIG. 10 is a plot of ground fault tripping time versus current for theEV circuit breaker of FIGS. 4A-4B.

FIG. 11 is a simplified block diagram of a single-phase power vendingmachine (PVM) circuit breaker in accordance with another embodiment ofthe disclosed concept.

FIG. 12 is a relatively more detailed block diagram of the PVM circuitbreaker of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a further simplified block diagram of the PVM circuit breakerof FIG. 11.

FIG. 14 is a relatively more detailed block diagram of the EV add-onmodule of FIG. 11.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a solar or photovoltaic (PV) add-on modulein accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept.

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of an HVAC add-on module in accordance withanother embodiment of the disclosed concept.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a general purpose input/output (I/O)add-on module in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosedconcept.

FIGS. 18A-18C are simplified plan views of circuit breakers and add-onmodules in accordance with other embodiments of the disclosed concept.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a PVM system including a main circuitbreaker, which functions as or in conjunction with a local controllerand gateway, and a plurality of PVM circuit breakers and add-on modulesin accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept.

FIG. 20 is an exploded isometric view of a circuit breaker and add-onmodule in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosed concept.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram of a PVM circuit breaker including a singleset of separable contacts per power conductor and a fuse in accordancewith another embodiment of the disclosed concept.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a PVM circuit breaker including a singleset of separable contacts per power conductor in accordance with anotherembodiment of the disclosed concept.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As employed herein, the term “number” shall mean one or an integergreater than one (i.e., a plurality).

As employed herein, the term “processor” shall mean a programmableanalog and/or digital device that can store, retrieve, and process data;a computer; a workstation; a personal computer; a microprocessor; amicrocontroller; a microcomputer; a central processing unit; a mainframecomputer; a mini-computer; a server; a networked processor; controlelectronics; a logic circuit; or any suitable processing device orapparatus.

As employed herein, the statement that two or more parts are “connected”or “coupled” together shall mean that the parts are joined togethereither directly or joined through one or more intermediate parts.Further, as employed herein, the statement that two or more parts are“attached” shall mean that the parts are joined together directly. Thedisclosed concept is described in association with circuit breakershaving one, two or three poles for electric loads, although thedisclosed concept is applicable to a wide range of circuit breakershaving any suitable number of poles for a wide range of electric loads(e.g., without limitation, electric vehicles).

Referring to FIG. 1, a load annunciating circuit breaker 2 is shown. Thecircuit breaker 2, which can be used in connection with an electricvehicle (EV) 4 (shown in phantom line drawing), includes: athermal-magnetic overload circuit breaking function 6, a chargingcircuit interrupting device (CCID) function 8, and a load annunciationfunction, such as the example EV interlock function 10. The circuitbreaker 2 includes input terminals for line (L) 12, neutral (N) 14 andground (G) 16 and output terminals for the load (e.g., hot/line) 18 andload neutral (e.g., neutral) 20.

Example 1

The circuit breaker 2 can, for example and without limitation, chargethe example EV 4 using SAE J1772′, but can also provide a controllablepoint to provide more general power vending capabilities as will bediscussed in connection with FIGS. 11-13. The circuit breaker 2 can becontrolled by onboard, add-on, or remote software conditionals (seeExample 28), rather than simply employing an open/close signal such aswith a conventional remotely controllable circuit breaker.

Example 2

The example circuit breaker 2 can employ any suitable form factor (e.g.,without limitation, a miniature circuit breaker; a molded case circuitbreaker; any other suitable circuit interrupter form factor). In thisexample, the circuit breaker 2 is a single-pole circuit breaker. Interritories where IEC is required, a single-pole circuit breaker may beemployed (e.g., in a DIN rail mountable form factor).

Example 3

Although the circuit breaker 2 could be constructed with only onecircuit breaking element per conductor as will be discussed inconnection with FIG. 22, the example thermal-magnetic overload circuitbreaking function 6 is separated from the CCID function 8, whichprovides personnel protection for EVSE applications.

For example, for the EV 4, the CCID function 8 continuously monitors thedifferential current from a ground fault sensor (e.g., currenttransformer (CT) 52) among all of the current-carrying conductors in agrounded system and rapidly interrupts the circuit under conditionswhere the differential current exceeds the rated value (e.g., withoutlimitation, 5 mA; 20 mA) of the charging circuit interrupting device.The CCID function 8 may include any suitable combination of basicinsulation, double insulation, grounding monitors, insulation monitorswith interrupters, isolation monitoring (depending on whether it isgrounded or not) and/or leakage current monitors. Alternatively, fornon-EV load applications, a GFCI function can be provided with eitherpersonnel protection or equipment protection.

Example 4

The example EV interlock function 10: (1) controls the CCID function 8;(2) generates and monitors the example pilot signal 22 (FIG. 4A), whichserves as the annunciator to the load (e.g., without limitation, theexample pilot signal 22 annunciates a certain amount of permittedcurrent flow to the EV 4 and receives confirmation from or on behalf of(e.g., an agent acting on behalf of (e.g., an independent supervisorycontrol system) the EV 4) the EV 4 of its current state back to thecircuit breaker 2′ (FIGS. 4A-4B)); (3) creates an “interlock” based onthe pilot signal 22 “handshake” state between the circuit breaker 2 andthe compatible downstream EV 4 (e.g., the separable contacts 24 of theCCID function 8 do not close and provide power to the EV 4 until theproper state is achieved, and open to stop power flow if a faultoccurs); (4) receives signals from the CCID function 8 on whether it isdetecting a fault condition; and (5) inputs (e.g., a wire terminationpoint 26 of an EVSE connector 28 (FIG. 4B) for the pilot signal 22 toannunciate the state to the EV 4 and receive the state from the EV 4.

Alternatively, rather than annunciating a maximum value of currentpermitted (e.g., available line current (ALC)) to flow through theseparable contacts 24 to the electric load (e.g., the EV 4), this canannunciate a maximum and/or a minimum value of voltage permitted to beapplied through the separable contacts 24 to the electric load, adirection (i.e., forward or reverse) of power flow through the separablecontacts 24 to or from the electric load, a minimum power factorpermitted for the electric load, and a minimum conversion efficiencypermitted by the electric load.

Example 5

The example EV interlock function 10 can provide one or more of thefollowing optional functions: (1) other metering, allocation,authentication, communication and/or additional protective functionalitymay be employed in or with the circuit breaker 2 (see, for example,Examples 20-24); (2) another wire termination point 30 is employed bythe EVSE connector 28 (FIG. 4B) and vehicle inlet 32 to announce itsproximity and successful locking into a receptacle (e.g., 28 of FIG.4B); (3) additional logic to handle proximity as used in the IECstandard to further restrict when the interlock is allowed to close andthe amount of current allowed by the circuit breaker 2 (e.g., cableproximity wire sensing is shown in connection with FIG. 7); (4)resetting (i.e., reclosing) automatically after a predetermined time ona detected fault, specifically a ground fault or pilot error (e.g.,automatic reclosure is shown in connection with FIG. 6); and (5) varyingthe ground fault tripping time based on current and the amount of timewithin the handshake state (e.g., as shown in connection with FIGS. 8and 10, the circuit breaker 2 does not trip immediately on closure if itground faults immediately due to the possibility of ground leakage(e.g., arising from inrush current, charging capacitors or inductors);the circuit breaker 2 may allow some ground leakage current and vary itstrip time while staying below the plot of current versus time; for afault condition of 20 mA to 100 mA, the response time is less than orequal to 100 mS, for a fault condition of 100 mA to 308 mA, the responsetime (T) is less than or equal to (20/T)^(1.43) mS, and for a faultcondition of greater than 308 mA, the response time is less than orequal to 20 mS).

Example 6

The optional SAE J1772™ pilot signal specification for the pilot signal22 is one example way to achieve the annunciator/interlock functions. Agenerator/monitor or other suitable communications path (e.g., withoutlimitation, an optional power line carrier (PLC)), can be employed toform a similar, but different, encoding of information to: (a)communicate available line current (of the power circuit) as determinedby the rating of the components or a controller; (b) communicatereadiness/state/condition (of the circuit breaker 2 or EV 4); (c)communicate protective functions (of the circuit breaker 2 or EV 4);and/or (d) communicate load characteristics back to the circuit breaker2 (or EV 4). The communication can provide, for example and withoutlimitation, a power vending (e.g., power metering, delivery, control,and management) capability (Examples 20-24) with annunciation andinterlocking from a circuit breaker, such as 2, to a load, such as theEV 4. This replaces the pilot signal 22 with digital communications overa power line, device to device.

Example 7

For example, for the interlock of the third option of Example 4, theinterlock does not close the protected power circuit until a resistorvalue is read. The resistor's value represents different current ratingspredefined in a corresponding industry standard. As a more specificexample, the IEC method for charging EVs has a detachable cable with EVconnectors on both sides. Each EV connector has a resistor tied fromproximity (e.g., 36 of FIG. 4B) to ground that matches the rated currentcarrying capability of the cable. For example, if a 12 A cable wasconnected to a 16 A EVSE, and then connected to an EV capable of pulling30 A, the EVSE lowers its PWM duty cycle from corresponding to the usual16 A to correspond to 12 A, which is then transmitted to the EV, whichthereby causes the EV to only pull a maximum of 12 A. This ensures thatthe system takes the lowest rating of all components to ensure safetyand keep the equipment within its rated limits.

Example 8

For example, for the second option of Example 4, the circuit breaker 2includes a termination point 34 (FIG. 4A) for the proximity circuitconductor 36 from the EVSE connector 28 (FIG. 4B). For example, this canmonitor the pressing of a release latch, or this same proximity circuitcan also be overridden as a method for input—specifically used forresetting a fault by monitoring the proximity circuit value inconjunction with the pilot circuit. Using the knowledge that the EVcable is still connected by the state of the pilot signal 22, if theproximity circuit goes open circuit, then that can be interpreted asbeing a reset command without any additional conductors orcommunication. Alternatively, the conductor 36 can be electricallyconnected to a remote reset button (not shown).

By employing an EV connector latch button as a reset by monitoring theproximity conductor 36, the circuit breaker 2 can be programmed, inorder that when a button is pressed, the proximity circuit is opened andthe circuit breaker 2 performs the same function as if a localtest/reset button 46 (FIG. 4A) has been pressed.

Example 9

The circuit breaker 2 can include a local indication of state through asuitable indicator (e.g., without limitation, indication light; LED;color; flag). Example states include ready, charging, and trouble. Asshown in FIG. 4A, the ready indicator 38 (e.g., AC present) is onanytime the circuit breaker separable contacts 48′ are closed and cansupply power. The charging indicator 40 is an interlock indicator and ison anytime the contacts 24′ of contactor/relay 44 are closed and poweris available at the EVSE connector 28 (FIG. 4B). The trouble indicator42 is illuminated anytime the circuit breaker 2′ has entered a faultstate. Additionally, different blink patterns may be employed to provideadditional user interface feedback. For example, the trouble indicator42 could have a certain blink pattern to tell what exact fault occurred.

Example 10

The circuit breaker 2′ of FIGS. 4A-4B can include a local input 46 totest and reset (e.g., without limitation, a button on the circuitbreaker 2′). As will be described in connection with FIG. 5, a testleaks a relatively small, known current to ground and verifies that aground fault detection circuit is properly working. The test is onlydone while the power circuit is open. The test is generally done rightbefore the contactor/relay 44 is closed and should be open throughoutthe test. If the test fails, then it prevents the contactor/relay 44from closing. This test is only done to ensure that the circuit breaker2′ can still detect a ground fault in a safe to the user situation. Ifthe power circuit is closed, then the circuit breaker 2′ is stillmonitoring for ground fault but never injecting current. For a manualtest (by pressing the button), the power circuit is opened, the test isperformed, and then normal operation is resumed if the test passes.Regardless of the test passing or failing, the contactor/relay 44 shouldbe open on its completion. If the test fails, then the circuit breaker2′ remains open and enters a service state where the relay 44 cannot bereset by pressing the test/reset button 46 again. The button 46 willalways perform its “test” functionality unless the EV 4 is connected andthe contactor/relay 44 is open from an actual fault or a previous test.In this case, the “reset” functionality will be performed and thecontactor/relay 44 will be closed.

Example 11

The thermal-magnetic overload circuit breaking function 6 of FIG. 1includes first separable contacts 48 and a thermal and magnetic overloadprotection mechanism 50. The CCID function 8 includes the secondseparable contacts 24, the CT 52 and a processor (e.g., μC or controlelectronics 68), preferably with customizable trip settings, whichreceives the differential current signal 53 from CT 52 and controls thesecond separable contacts 24 with a control signal 54. The μC or controlelectronics 68 is used by both of the CCID function 8 and the example EVinterlock function 10. The neutral (N) 14 is input by a neutral pigtail56. The example EV interlock function 10 inputs the ground (G) 16 by aground pigtail 58, and includes pulse width modulation (PWM) generationand sensing logic 60 and the termination point 26 for the pilot signal22.

Example 12

FIGS. 2 and 4A-4B show the single-phase, two-line, double-pole circuitbreaker 2′, which can be used in connection with the EV 4. The circuitbreaker 2′ includes a double-pole thermal-magnetic overload circuitbreaking function 6′, a double-pole CCID function 8′, and the example EVinterlock function 10. The circuit breaker 2′ further includes inputsfor two lines L1 12′ and L2 12″, and ground (G) 16, and outputterminations for the load (e.g., hot/line 1 18 and hot/line 2 20). Inthis example, a neutral is not employed. Control electronics 68 arepowered by an alternating current to direct current power supply 69(FIG. 4A).

For the double-pole thermal-magnetic overload circuit breaking function6′, thermal-magnetic devices are employed on any hot or ungroundedconductors coming into the circuit breaker 2′. In contrast, for thesingle-pole circuit breaker 2 of FIG. 1 with line (L) 12 and neutral (N)14 terminations, the single thermal-magnetic device 50 is employed. Forexample, for the overcurrent thermal-magnetic device, this is rated 125%of the maximum continuous load, or whatever is required by local codesand standards, the circuit breaker 2 will supply (e.g., withoutlimitation, a 40 A circuit breaker for a 32 A EVSE).

The double-pole CCID function 8′ of FIG. 2 can employ a double-polerelay 44 as shown in FIG. 4A. The relay 44 can be a digitally controlledcircuit breaking rated relay or contactor. The double-pole relay 44 isemployed on any hot or ungrounded conductors coming into the circuitbreaker 2′. In contrast, for the single-pole circuit breaker 2 of FIG. 1with line (L) 12 and neutral (N) 14 terminations, a single-pole relay isemployed. Otherwise, the circuit breaker 2′ is generally similar to thecircuit breaker 2 of FIG. 1.

Example 13

FIG. 3 shows a three-phase, three-pole circuit breaker 2″, which can beused in connection with a suitable EV (not shown). The circuit breaker2″ includes a three-pole thermal-magnetic overload circuit breakingfunction 6″, a three-pole CCID function 8″, and the example EV interlockfunction 10. The circuit breaker 2″ further includes inputs for threephases A 12A, B 12B and C 12C, ground (G) 16 and neutral (N) 14, andoutput terminations 18A,18B,18C for the three-phase load. Otherwise, thecircuit breaker 2″ is generally similar to the circuit breaker 2 of FIG.1.

Example 14

FIGS. 4A-4B show a more detailed version of the circuit breaker 2′ ofFIG. 2 including the EVSE connector 28 having a ground pin 16′, a pilotpin 26 and a proximity pin 30, and the EV 4. As is conventional, aconductor 62 passes through current transformer 64 and mimics leakage ofground current in connection with the performance of ground faultself-check tests. The test/reset button 46 effectively functions as atest/clear temporary fault button, with possible support for clearing alockout or rebooting by being actuated for a predetermined period oftime.

The circuit breaker 2′ can support the following example faultcategories: (1) circuit breaker trip; (2) permanent fault; (3) lockoutfault; and (4) temporary fault. Each example fault also has acorresponding reset: (1) reset the physical circuit breaker operatinghandle 66; (2) reboot the software of the control electronics 68; (3)clear a lockout fault; and (4) clear a temporary fault.

Resetting the circuit breaker operating handle 66 reboots the software,clears a lockout, and clears a temporary fault. Rebooting the softwareclears a lockout, and clears a temporary fault. Clearing a lockout alsoclears a temporary fault. Unplugging the load (e.g., the EV 4) alsoclears a lockout and clears a temporary fault.

The thermal-magnetic overload circuit breaking function 6′ faults in aconventional manner by tripping open the two example separable contacts48′ and the circuit breaker operating handle 66 in response to a shortcircuit or other overload current condition.

The relay 44 can trip for any of the following reasons (additionally,for example and without limitation, it can detect arc faults) in Table1:

TABLE 1 Fault No. Fault Fault Category 0 “No Fault” No fault since lastboot 1 “Pilot Error During Idle” Temporary 2 “Pilot Error During Run”Temporary 3 “Ground Fault Detected” Temporary 4 “Overcurrent Detected”Temporary 5 “Break Away Occurred” Permanent 6 “Temporary Fault LockoutFault Lockout Occurred (Reset with Plug Session Cycle)” 7 “GroundImpedance Permanent Fault” 8 “Contactor Fault” Permanent 9 “Ground FaultTest Permanent or Temporary, Failure” depending if the load is connected(actual ground fault compared to a self- check test failure) 10 “DiodeFault” Temporary 11 “Master Fault Count Permanent, this fault countExceeded (Reset lasts across Plug Sessions Required)” within apredetermined time period 12 “Firmware Checksum Permanent Fault” 13“Calibration Invalid” Semi-Permanent, after the calibration settings areset correctly, the EVSE can enter a Non-Fault State 14 “System ClockFault” Permanent 16 “Pilot Frequency Out of Temporary Tolerance” 17“System Resources Temporary Unavailable” 18 “Excessive Noise on PilotTemporary Signal” 19 “Low Line Voltage” Temporary 20 “Watchdog TimerPermanent Expired”

Lockout faults are shown in Table 2:

TABLE 2 Fault No. Lockout Fault 0 “No Fault” 1 “Pilot Error During Idle”2 “Pilot Error During Run” 3 “Ground Fault Detected” 4 “OvercurrentDetected” 5 “Break Away Occurred” 6 “Temporary Fault Lockout Occurred(Reset with Plug Session Cycle)” 7 “Ground Impedance Fault (not used)” 8“Contactor Fault” 9 “Ground Fault Test Failure” 10 “Diode Fault” 11“Master Fault Count Exceeded (Reset Required)” 12 “Firmware ChecksumFault” 13 “Calibration Invalid” 14 “System Clock Fault” 16 “PilotFrequency Out of Tolerance” 17 “System Resources Unavailable” 18“Excessive Noise on Pilot Signal” 19 “Low Line Voltage”

EVSE states are shown in Table 3:

TABLE 3 State No. EVSE State 0 “Power-Up Initialization” 1 “Idle (NotConnected to EV)” 2 “EVSE in Test Mode” 3 “EVSE in Demo Mode” 4“Permissive Run Disabled” (External Hardware Input or Software Controlof EVSE to disable Plug Sessions from occurring; provides Binary On/Offcontrol 5 “Service Required” (this Permanent Fault requires reset orrepair) 6 “Temporary Fault Condition” (Lockout or Temporary fault) 7“EVSE Charging” 8 “EV Connected - Not Charging” 9 “EV Connected - ALCCharging Disabled” (external hardware input or software control of EVSEwhich has Available Line Current set to 0) 27 “EVSE Deactivated”(external software control of EVSE to deactivate it and take it out ofservice) 28 “Pulse Activation Mode Idle” (similar to Permissive RunDisabled but uses hardware pulses or a software timer to activate theEVSE for a predetermined period of time)

Example 15

FIG. 5 shows a test/reset routine 100 for the control electronics 68 ofthe circuit breaker 2′ of FIGS. 4A-4B. The routine 100 begins at 102 inresponse to the test/reset button 46 being pressed. Next, at 104, it isdetermined if the circuit breaker 2′ is tripped. If the circuit breakeris not tripped, then at 106, it is determined if there is a fault state.If there is no fault state, then at 108, a ground fault test is runalong with any other suitable self-tests. If the ground fault testpasses, then it is determined if a load is connected (i.e., the relay 44is closed) at 112. If no load is connected, then a suitable indicationis provided to the user (e.g., without limitation, indication light;LED; color; flag) that the test was successful at 114. Then, normalcircuit breaker operation resumes at 116. Otherwise, if a load isconnected, then at 118, the test caused an actual ground fault to occurand the fault routine 500 of FIG. 9 is executed. The reason that anactual ground fault occurs is because the fault detected state 217 ofFIG. 6 is not suspended during the ground fault test. This state 217will correctly detect ground current and cause a fault to occur. If theground fault is not detected, then the test failed at 110 of FIG. 5, andthe permanent fault is entered at 126 followed by 124.

On the other hand, if it is determined that the circuit breaker istripped at 104, then the circuit breaker is tripped at 120 (e.g., inresponse to a short circuit or other overload condition as shown in FIG.6). Normal circuit breaker operation is then resumed at 116 in responseto a reset 121 of the circuit breaker handle 66 of FIG. 4A.

If it is determined that there is a fault state at 106, then it isdetermined if there is a temporary fault state at 122. If the faultstate is not temporary, then there is a permanent fault at 124. Nothingis then done until there is a suitable reset (Example 14), which causesa reboot of the control electronics software at 125 after which normalcircuit breaker operation is resumed at 116.

If it is determined that the test did not pass at 110, then thepermanent fault is entered at 126 followed by 124.

If there is a temporary fault state at 122, then at 128 it is determinedif a lockout occurred. If so, then a lockout state is entered at 130 andnothing is done until there is a suitable reset (Example 14). Normalcircuit breaker operation is resumed at 116 in response to the end of aplug session or lockout is cleared at 131.

On the other hand, if no lockout occurred at 128, then the fault isreset at 132 followed by resuming normal circuit breaker operation at116.

Example 16

FIG. 6 shows a top level routine 200 of the circuit breaker 2′ of FIGS.4A-4B, which can implement, for example and without limitation, SAEJ1772™. The routine 200 starts at 202 in response to a power upcondition. Then, self-checks are performed at 203 as part of aconstantly running process 204. If the self-checks pass at 205, then theroutine 200 waits for a load to connect at 206. When a load is connectedat 207, then the connection is verified at 208. When the connection isverified, a plug session begins at 209. Next, the available line current(ALC) is annunciated and the routine 200 waits for the load to indicatethat it is ready to receive power at 210. When the load notifies that itis ready for power at 211, the routine 200 causes the relay 44 to closeand vend or otherwise make power available to the load at 212. Next, ifthe load notifies (temporarily) that it is finished with power, then thecontactor/relay 44 is opened again at 210. The ALC never stops beingannunciated, unless power is lost, a fault occurs, or the load isunplugged. Any of 208,210,212,222,224 can transition to 206 in responseto the load being unplugged.

If the self-check 203 fails at 214, then a permanent fault is entered at215. The self-check 203 can only be restarted by a power-up restart at202, or by a software reboot at 216.

Also, any of 206,208,210,212 can transition to a fault detected state217 in response to detection of a fault. The state 217 determines thefault type at 218. Then, at 219, it is determined the nature of thefault type. If the fault type is temporary, then at 220 it is determinedif the number of temporary faults is greater than a lockout limit. Ifthe lockout limit is reached, then the lockout state is entered at 222.From state 222, the load is either unplugged or the lockout is clearedat 223 to re-enter state 206 and wait for the load to connect.Otherwise, if the lockout limit was not exceeded at 220, then at state224 a manual reset or an auto-reclosure is awaited. State 224 is exitedat 226 if the load is unplugged after which state 206 is re-entered towait for the load to connect, or at 228 in response to a temporary faultreset or auto-reclosure after which state 210 is re-entered toannunciate ALC.

The control electronics 68 of FIG. 4A include a watchdog timer (e.g.,process 204) to open the contactor/relay 44 and reboot the software ifit becomes unresponsive to provide additional simultaneous processes tomonitor for faults, and to detect when a load is finished acceptingpower or unplugs. The control electronics 68 input the pilot signal 22through a monitoring circuit 230, and adjust a PWM signal as part of thepilot signal 22 to the EV 4. The control electronics 68 also open andclose the contactor/relay 44 to provide AC power (L1 and L2 or neutral).The EV charge controller 232 adjusts a charger 234 to only pull the ALCas annunciated over the pilot signal 22. The control electronics 68 alsooutput to the indicators 40,42, and communicate through thecommunications interface 236.

Example 17

FIG. 7 shows a proximity logic routine 300 of the control electronics 68of the circuit breaker 2′ of FIGS. 2 and 4A-4B. In response to aconnection to a vehicle being verified at 209 of FIG. 6, the vehicleconnection is determined at 302. Next, it is determined if a proximityrating is supported at 304 by a configurable hardware or softwaresetting. If so, then at 306, it is determined if a proximity rating isdetected by determining if there is a closed circuit resistance from theproximity pin 30 to ground 16′ of FIG. 4B. If so, then the proximityrating is read at 308 by determining the closed circuit resistance andmatching this value with an ampacity in the standard. Then, at 310, themaximum load annunciation is set to the minimum rated component (e.g.,as is discussed in Example 7). Next, at 312, additional loadverification, such as detecting the EV diode or authenticating the user,is performed or a plug session is begun.

Otherwise, if a proximity rating is not supported at 304, then 312 isexecuted.

If a proximity rating is not detected at 306, then at 314, it isdetermined if a proximity rating is required. If so, then a fault stateis entered at 316. Otherwise, 312 is executed.

Example 18

FIG. 8 shows the ground fault detection routine 400. For example andwithout limitation, this implements the plot 402 of FIG. 10. The controlelectronics 68 of FIG. 4A include a ground fault current monitoringcircuit (not shown) and the current transformer 64. These componentshave a known sampling rate, the contactor/relay 44 has a known period oftime to open, and the routine 400 has a known time for processing andsending control signals.

After a ground fault is detected at 402, it is determined at 404 if thesensed ground fault current is higher than a maximum allowed groundfault current. If the ground fault current is larger than this value(e.g., without limitation, 350 mA), then a fault is detected at 405 andthe fault routine 500 of FIG. 9 is executed. Ultimately, this will causethe relay 44 to open and cause a permanent fault at 215 of FIG. 6. Forrelatively high fault currents, there is no automatic reset, but thereis instead a lockout fault that requires a plug session reset.Otherwise, if the maximum allowed ground fault current is not exceededat 404, then at 406, the required time to trip based upon the groundfault current is determined along with the elapsed time. Generally, theway that variable ground fault tripping works is that if the groundfault monitoring circuit senses a relatively small current that is underthe current-time plot 402 of FIG. 10, and if there is sufficient time totake another sample of ground fault current and still ultimately timelytrip, then another sample is taken. Otherwise, if the current is toohigh and there is not enough time, then the ground fault trip isimmediate.

Next, at 408, if there is sufficient time remaining since the initialmeasurement to take another measurement and still trip open the relay 44if the ground fault current remains constant, then another measurementis taken at 410. On the other hand, if there is insufficient time at408, then a fault is detected at 405 and the fault routine 500 of FIG. 9is executed.

After 410, at 412, if the ground fault current read is zero, then thereis no ground fault and normal circuit breaker operation is resumed at414. Otherwise, if the current read is nonzero, then the average currentwith the elapsed amount of time is used to calculate the time remainingto trip and step 404 is repeated. The process continues until the groundfault monitoring circuit causes a trip after 405, or the ground faultcurrent goes to zero and normal circuit breaker operation is resumed at414.

Example 19

FIG. 9 shows the fault and lockout logic routine 500 of the controlelectronics 68 of the circuit breaker 2′ of FIG. 4A. First, at 502, afault is detected by the top level routine 200 of FIG. 6. Then, at 504,the fault type is determined. At 506, if the fault type is permanent508, then at 510 a permanent fault state 510 is entered. This state 510is exited in response to a software reboot 512, which causes a non-faultstate 514 to be entered. Otherwise, if a temporary fault 516 isdetermined at 506, then at 518, it is determined if the fault was withinan initial plug-in window (e.g., without limitation, an initial timeperiod after the load is plugged in; a configurable amount of time;about one second; any suitable time). If the fault was not within theinitial plug-in window, then a lockout counter is incremented at 520.Then, at 522, it is determined if a lockout fault threshold is reached.If so, then a lockout state is entered at 524. This state is exited byeither a plug session ending or lockout being cleared at 525, afterwhich the non-fault state 514 is entered. Otherwise, if the lockoutfault threshold is not reached at 522, then an auto-reset timer isstarted at 526. This state exists until the auto-reset timer expires, auser clears a temporary fault, or the end of a plug session at 527,after which the non-fault state 514 is entered. The non-fault state 514exits in response to a fault 528, which causes the fault detected stateto be entered at 502.

Example 20

As will be discussed, below, in connection with FIGS. 11-13, a powervending machine (PVM) circuit breaker 600 can bill a user for energyconsumed through the PVM circuit breaker. For example, a meteringfunction 602 (FIG. 11) uses a logic circuit 604 (FIGS. 11 and 12) tostore timestamped energy values 606 in a persistent database 608 inmemory 610. Both of the metering function 602 and the logic circuit 604are within the housing of the PVM circuit breaker 600. The energy values606, during certain timestamps, can be “flagged” as belonging to anumber of specific users, which provides energy allocation to each ofsuch number of specific users. For example, when the electric load 612(shown in phantom line drawing), such as the EV 4 (FIG. 4B), is pluggedin, the energy can be suitably allocated (e.g., without limitation, tothe EV's vehicle identification number (VIN) or to an RFID tag swiped toallow charging, which will allocate the energy to the correspondinguser; to any number of groups associated with the EV or the user). Thecircuit breaker 600 also allocates energy to its specific power circuit(e.g., to electric load 612 (shown in phantom line drawing in FIG. 11)at terminals 614,616).

When an electricity source, such as an electric utility 618 (shown inphantom line drawing in FIGS. 11 and 12), which supplies power tobreaker stab 620 (e.g., from a hot line or bus bar (not shown)) andneutral pigtail 622 (e.g., to a neutral bar (not shown)) at a panelboardor load center (not shown), is ready to bill the user, it can do so in avariety of ways through communication done via an expansion port 624(FIG. 12), or optionally through a built-in wireless interface (e.g.,without limitation, Wi-Fi; BlueTooth). One example method is a “meterread” of the total energy at the time of the reading from a main circuitbreaker (not shown, but which can be substantially the same as orsimilar to the circuit breaker 600, except having a relatively largervalue of rated current) of a corresponding panelboard or load center(not shown). The value of the “meter read” is compared with the value ofthe “meter read” from, for example, the previous month's reading and thedifference value is billed.

Alternatively, the electric utility 618 can download the database 608 ofeach circuit breaker, such as 600, in its entirety, query the energyvalues 606 as appropriate, and then apply a suitable rate structureusing the timestamps, specific circuits, and any allocation flags.

Examples 21-23 (FIGS. 11-13) show the example controllable, PVM circuitbreaker 600, which can include optional support for communicationsand/or a number of different add-on modules 626, as will be discussed.

Example 21

Referring to FIG. 11, the example PVM circuit breaker 600 can include anumber of optional add-on modules 626. An alternating current (AC)electrical path through the PVM circuit breaker 600 between theelectricity source 618 and the load 612 includes a thermal-magneticprotection function 628, the metering function 602 and controllableseparable contacts 630. An AC-DC power supply 632 supplies DC power to,for example, the logic circuit 604 and a communications circuit 634.Alternatively, the DC power supply 632 can be located outside of the PVMcircuit breaker 600 and supply DC power thereto. The number of optionaladd-on modules 626 can provide specific logic and/or I/O functions and acommunications circuit 636. Optional remote software functions 638,640can optionally communicate with the communications circuits 634,636.

Example 22

FIG. 12 shows more details of the example PVM circuit breaker 600, whichincludes an external circuit breaker handle 642 that cooperates with thethermal magnetic trip function 628 to open, close and/or resetcorresponding separable contacts 629 (FIG. 13), an OK indicator 644 thatis controlled by the logic circuit 604, and a test/reset button 646 thatinputs to the logic circuit 604.

In this example, there is both a hot line and a neutral line through thePVM circuit breaker 600 along with corresponding current sensors648,649, voltage sensors 650,651, and separable contacts 630A,630B foreach line or power conductor. A power metering circuit 652 of themetering function 602 inputs from the current sensors 648,649 and thevoltage sensors 650,651, and outputs corresponding power values to thelogic circuit 604, which uses a timer/clock function 654 to provide thecorresponding timestamped energy values 606 in the database 608 of thememory 610. The current sensors 648,649 can be electrically connected inseries with the respective separable contacts 630A,630B, can be currenttransformers coupled to the power lines, or can be any suitable currentsensing device. The voltage sensors 650,651 can be electricallyconnected to the respective power lines in series with the respectiveseparable contacts 630A,630B, can be potential transformers, or can beany suitable voltage sensing device.

Example 23

FIG. 13 is an example one-line diagram of the example PVM circuitbreaker 600. Although one phase (e.g., hot line and neutral) is shown,the disclosed concept is applicable to PVM circuit breakers having anynumber of phases or poles. A hot line is received through thetermination 620 to a bus bar (not shown). Electrical current flowsthrough the first circuit breaking element 629 of the thermal-magneticoverload protection function 628 and flows through a set of controllableseparable contacts 630 (only one set is shown in this example for thehot line) to the load terminal 614. A first current transformer (CT) 648provides current sensing and ground fault detection with customizabletrip settings. The return current path from the load 612 (FIG. 11) isprovided from the load terminal 616 for load neutral back to the neutralpigtail 622 for electrical connection, for example, to a neutral bar ofa panelboard or load center (not shown). A second CT 649 providescurrent sensing and ground fault detection with customizable tripsettings. The outputs of the CTs 648,649 are input by the logic circuit604, which controls the controllable separable contacts 630. The powersupply 632 receives power from the hot and neutral lines. The logiccircuit communications circuit 634 also outputs to a communicationtermination point 656 of the expansion port 624 (FIG. 12).

Example 24

FIG. 14 shows one example of the number of add-on modules 626 of FIG.11, which can be an EV add-on module 700. The PVM circuit breaker 600 ofFIGS. 11-13 and the EV add-on module 700 of FIG. 14 can function in thesame or the substantially the same manner as the circuit breakers2,2′,2″ described herein except that certain functionality is moved fromthe circuit breaker 600 to the module 700. The example module 700 adds ahardware and software implementation of a suitable EV communicationsprotocol, ground fault detection at relatively low thresholds, andcontrol of the controllable separable contacts 630 (FIG. 12). Morespecifically, the module 700 performs the functions of SAE J-1772™ (forNEMA markets) or IEC 62196 (where applicable) and provides the pilotsignal 702 (and an optional proximity signal 704) outputs and inputs inaddition to interfacing an external user interface 706. The module 700controls the PVM circuit breaker 600 to perform proper power interlockand conform to the appropriate standards. It allocates meteringinformation into a plug session history and can perform analyticfunctions (e.g., without limitation, use limitation based on energy;smart scheduling). The module 700 allocates the usage and billing, forexample, to a VIN, which can be used to collect lost tax revenue fromfuel purchases, enables throttling (e.g., controlling the rate ofcharge), and panel coordination (e.g., coordination with othercontrollable PVM circuit breakers to reduce or manage overall demandusage for the entire panel or utility service) in order to preventdemand charges.

The module 700 includes a first conductor finger 708 for a first hotline to the PVM circuit breaker 600, and a second conductor finger 710for a second hot line or a neutral to such PVM circuit breaker. Theconductor fingers 708,710 are electrically connected to respectiveterminals 712,714 for an electric load 715. These terminals are used toprovide AC power into the EV connector (e.g., 32 of FIG. 4B). For asingle-pole EV circuit breaker, these are a hot line and a neutral. Fora two-pole EV circuit breaker, these are two hot lines. For a three-poleEV circuit breaker, these are three hot lines.

A number of current sensors 716 sense a differential current for aground fault protection circuit 718, which can output a fault signal andother current information to a logic circuit 720. The logic circuit 720,in turn, can communicate externally through a communication circuit 722to a first expansion port 724 (e.g., without limitation, to provide atrip signal to the PVM circuit breaker 600) and/or a second expansionport 726 to communicate with other local or remote devices (not shown).Details of the expansion ports 724,726 are discussed, below, inconnection with FIG. 20.

The logic circuit 720 also communicates with a memory 728 and theexternal user interface 706, which can include a number of indicatorlights 730 and a reset button 732. In support of various EV interfacefunctions, the logic circuit 720 further communicates with a DC, PWMoutput and sensor function 734 that interfaces the pilot signal 702 atterminal 736 and an optional proximity circuit 738 that interfaces theoptional proximity signal 704 (or proximity resistor (not shown)) atterminal 740 for an IEC style EV add-on module. The module 700 alsoincludes a ground pigtail 742 that provides a ground to a groundterminal 744.

The example module 700 can be employed with the PVM circuit breaker 600or any suitable circuit breaker disclosed herein that feeds a suitableelectric load. Example protective functions performed by such circuitbreakers can include overcurrent, ground fault, overvoltage, loadinterlock and/or a safe automatic reset. Example control functionsinclude interfaces to the module 700, a suitable algorithm for the load(e.g., EV) and state management for the load (e.g., EV).

Example authentication functions performed by the module 700 includeverification of permission to access power or control of the circuitbreaker (i.e., vending power to a load), either locally or remotely, andadditional logic and interlock settings. As an example, these includedetermining whether you are allowed to use power for the load (e.g., tocharge an EV), or determining if you are an administrator allowed tocontrol the circuit breakers. Example allocation functions performed bythe PVM circuit breaker 600 include tracking energy usage by department,circuit or user, limiting the amount of energy usage, and utility gradeenergy metering (e.g., 0.2% accuracy of metering).

Example optional and additional protection and control functions thatcan be enabled in the PVM circuit breaker 600 by the module 700 includeinterchangeable communication interfaces, remote control and additionaltrip curves.

Example 25

FIG. 15 shows a solar or photovoltaic (PV) add-on module 800 for a plugand play solar system (not shown), including needed functionality for a“PV-ready electrical circuit”. The solar or PV add-on module 800provides auto-commissioning and permitting for solar generation withself-diagnostics. The module 800 is somewhat similar to the module 700of FIG. 14, except that the current sensor 716, ground fault protectioncircuit 718, reset button 732 and other EV-related components areeliminated. In this example, the terminals 712,714 are for electricalconnection to an inverter 806, and the communication circuit 722′ alsointerfaces to an inverter communication port 802 for communication withthe inverter 806 and a utility communication port 804 for communicationwith an electric utility (e.g., electricity source 618 of FIG. 11).

The disclosed circuit breakers 2,2′,2″ and module 800 can provide a DCstring protector (e.g., an electronic circuit breaker with improved DCovercurrent/reverse current protection, ground fault detection, and arcfault circuit interruption) and a PV module shutdown switches monitoringsystem, which monitors PV string current and voltage, along with arelatively small window I-V curve around maximum power for maximum powerpoint tracking.

For a solar generation system (not shown), the disclosed module 800enables a simple installation, with automatic electrical permitting andinspection to replace the need for electrical permits and inspections. Asingle electrical listing of the entire plug and play PV system is usedto allow a standard PV plug to connect the PV inverter 806 to the add-onmodule 800 without additional permits or inspections, and with automaticstructural permitting and inspection. The add-on module 800 includes asuitable communication interface, such as the inverter communicationport 802, to notify the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) of the solarinstallation and automatically commission and permit the installationwithout having an inspector visit the site to the extent possible. Theadd-on module 800 further includes a suitable communication interface,such as the utility communication port 804, to permit automatic gridinterconnection by notifying the utility of the solar installation andautomatically provisioning the installation to backfeed into the grid.

Other optional features of the add-on module 800 can include: (1) gridsupport communication functions (e.g., without limitation, statuscheck/self diagnostics, which check the status of individual componentsof the inverter 806 and the corresponding PV modules (not shown) usingartificial neural network based pattern recognition techniques; (2) selfconfiguration/self-healing, in order that when there is a problem withcomponents, the circuit breaker can still operate to provide power tothe grid safely until the system is fixed (e.g., a limp homecapability); (3) performance monitoring and lifetime estimation forperformance monitoring of components for degradation, includingnotification for preemptive replacement; (4) volt/var support by the useof intelligent/smart/connected inverters (via the add-on module 800) toperform grid stability functions (this allows inverters to improve gridvoltage or power factor); (5) utility power demand/frequency control(e.g., the utility might not want the PV inverter 806 connected or mightneed relatively lower power); (6) load as a resource by leveraging otherloads in a PV module panel (not shown); and (7) GridEye™ or othersuitable power quality monitors or sensors, which send the utility,frequency, voltage, and phase angle information as well as PV inverterpower quality information. GridEye™ covers a wide-area grid monitoringnetwork for the three North American power grids. This providesadditional monitoring points at planned renewable generation sites—suchas wind farms—to characterize the system's dynamic behavior before andafter the installation of renewable sources. This produces dynamicsystem behavior data for insight into how renewable generation assetschange the dynamic behavior of the electric grid. These data can also beused to estimate dynamic modeling parameters for planning and operation

If used in a PV module panel (not shown), a different add-on module 800can alternatively perform automatic transfer switch (ATS) functionalitywith utility islanding. For example, a software interlock of a maincircuit breaker (not shown) and the generation system (not shown) wouldallow backfeeding if the utility power is present. Otherwise, when lossof utility power is detected, the add-on module 800 will: (1) commandopening the main circuit breaker (not shown); (2) command closing thegeneration/energy storage circuit (not shown); and (3) send a signal tostart the supply of power to the on premise generation source to able tosupply power, such as a diesel generator. The load circuits are allowedto run in island mode in the premise. This safely electrically islandsthe premise to protect workers on the utility line while retaining powerat the PV module equipped site. This ATS and islanding functionalitycould be a different add-on module 800 (for other energy sources thatare not solar), but without PV-specific features.

Example 26

Further to Example 25, the example add-on module 800 enables relativelyquick and easy installation of PV components, in order that the entireprocess may be conducted safely without the need of professionalelectrical services or on-site permitting. Pre-installed infrastructure(e.g., meters; load centers; circuit breakers; communication gateways)are enabled to support the future installation of PV components. Afterpurchase, this PV equipment seamlessly connects to the existinginfrastructure without the need for inspection. Pre-installation can bemade for the anticipation to install any new smart grid-enabledequipment, including PV, as well as electric vehicle supply equipment(EVSE), local energy storage, smart water heaters, or other devices thatcan be justified on a broader smart-grid basis. This pre-installationapproach can potentially be correlated with smart meter rollouts andutility-driven home energy management programs for retrofit upgrades orimplanted into requirements for new construction. Furthermore, in orderto accomplish these tasks, both internal connectivity and externalconnectivity to utility companies and AHJ's is critical to ensure safeinstallation, continued operations, and maintenance.

Example 27

FIG. 16 shows an HVAC add-on module 900. The module 900 is somewhatsimilar to the module 700 of FIG. 14, except that the current sensor716, ground fault protection circuit 718, reset button 732 and otherEV-related components are eliminated. In this example, the terminals712,714 are for electrical connection to HVAC equipment 916, and thecommunication circuit 722″ also interfaces to a wireless communicationcircuit 902. In place of the EV-related components, various HVAC-relatedcomponents are added including a thermostat 904, a plurality of solidstate relays 906 that output to a plurality of example push terminals908 for HVAC signals such as: R_(H), W₁, Y₁, Y₂, G, C, * (e.g., W₃(third stage heating), E, HUM (humidify), DEHUM (dehumidify)), OB(orange or blue; orange is the reversing valve, energize to cool(changes from heat to cool on heat pumps); blue is sometimes the commonside of a transformer (needed on some electronic thermostats or if thereare indicator lamps), or a reversing value (energize to heat as orange),or some vendors sometimes use (B) as common), R_(c) and AUX/W₂, as shownin Table 4A (legacy systems) and Table 4B (heat pumps and stagedsystems), respectively, as wells as damper terminals 910,912. The logiccircuit 720 interfaces to a number of user interface buttons 914 andcooperates with the communication circuit 722″, the thermostat 904 andthe solid state relays 906 to control and monitor the HVAC equipment916.

The example module 900 can replace a conventional thermostat and placeall HVAC wiring in a load center (not shown). For a commercial building(not shown), this can include control (e.g., without limitation, ofactuators; dampers). A number of communicating temperature sensors (notshown) can be located throughout the building to provide temperatureinput (e.g., through the expansion or wireless communication ports726,902) to the HVAC add-on module 900 and can also be used to adjusttemperature settings. The module 900 can also perform actions to saveenergy (e.g., without limitation, cycling a compressor; setting heatingand cooling schedules).

TABLE 4A Probable Terminal Wire Color Signal Description C Black 24 VacFrom one side of the common 24 Vac transformer (24 Vac neutral) R or VRed 24 Vac power From other side of to be switched the 24 Vactransformer (24 Vac L1) R_(H) or 4 Red 24 Vac heat call Same as R, butswitch power dedicated to the heat call switch R_(c) Red 24 Vac coolingSame as R, but call switch dedicated to the power cooling call switch GGreen Fan Fan switch on thermostat-connected to R when fan/auto switchis in the fan position W or W₁ White Heating call Connected to R orR_(H) when thermostat calls for heat (can be jumpered to Y on a heatpump; on others can be second stage heating) Y or Y₁ Yellow Cooling callConnected to R or R_(c) when thermostat calls for cooling; also coolingor first stage heating on a heat pump; most often connected to G whenfan switch is set to auto

TABLE 4B Probable Terminal Wire Color Signal Description Y₂ Blue orSecond stage Orange cooling W₂ or Varies Second stage First stageauxiliary AUX heating heating on a heat pump E Varies, Emergency heatDisable the heat blue, pink, relay on a heat pump and turn on gray, tanpump; active all first stage Aux the time when heating selected, usuallynot used O Varies, Reversing valve Energize to cool orange (changes fromheat to cool on heat pumps) B Varies, Sometimes Can be heating blue,black, common side of changeover or brown, transformer; common of orangeneeded on some transformer electronic thermostats or if you haveindicator lamps or reversing valve (energize to heat); some vendorssometimes use (B) as common X Varies Can be common or sometimesemergency heat relay X₂ Varies Second stage Can be emergency heating orheat relay indicator lights on some thermostats T Varies, tan OutdoorUsed on some or gray anticipator reset products L Varies Service light

Example 28

FIG. 17 shows a general purpose I/O add-on module 1000. The module 1000is somewhat similar to the module 900 of FIG. 16, except that theHVAC-related components and wireless communication circuit 902 areeliminated. In this example, the terminals 712,714 are for electricalconnection to any suitable load (not shown), and the logic circuit 720interfaces a processor I/O expander circuit 1002 that inputs from and/oroutputs to a plurality of example push terminals 1004.

The module 1000 can provide analog inputs (e.g., for control signals),analog outputs, digital outputs (e.g., for external systems; relays;control signals) or digital inputs (e.g., for digital switches). Theanalog or digital inputs can be communicated through the example circuitbreakers, such as 2,2′,2″,600, disclosed herein and can provide programcontrol of such circuit breakers (e.g., without limitation, solarharvesting; digital switches; shunt trip; relay commands).

Further to Example 1, the add-on module 1000 can perform Boolean algebraand basic if-then-else functions with the logic circuit 720 using itsinputs and outputs, and/or can be used as a binary status indicator(e.g., without limitation, to indicate that a main circuit breaker isopen or closed) with the indicator lights 730.

The add-on module 1000 can employ the set of controllable, generalpurpose I/O terminals 1004 whose capabilities may include, for exampleand without limitation, direction (e.g., the terminals can be configuredto be input or output using an enable mask); enabled/disabled; inputvalues are readable (e.g., without limitation, high=1, low=0); outputvalues are writable/readable; and input values can be used as interruptrequest lines (e.g., without limitation, for wakeup events).

The add-on module 1000 can employ direct memory access (DMA) toefficiently move relatively large quantities of data into or out of themodule, or provide support for “bitbanging”, which can provide softwareemulation of a hardware protocol.

The example general purpose I/O add-on module 1000 can enable genericserial communication with a load (not shown). By providing acorresponding device, such as the example circuit breakers, withembedded intelligence and communication, this can provide an interfacethat connects that device to the “smart grid”. Non-limiting examples ofsuch communication include sending utility billing rates and time-of-userate structures from the utility back office, through this add-on module1000 and down to the load (e.g., without limitation, a washer; dryer;dishwasher), in order that the device can decide when the optimum timeis to perform their function (e.g., to turn themselves on when energy ischeapest). Examples 29 and 30 (FIGS. 18A-18C and 19) show variousnon-limiting example embodiments for coupling add-on modules to circuitbreakers.

Example 29

FIG. 18A shows a two-pole add-on module 1100 coupled to one end of atwo-pole circuit breaker 1102.

FIG. 18B shows a two-pole add-on module 1104 coupled to one side of atwo-pole circuit breaker 1106 with jumpers 1108 therebetween.

FIG. 18C shows a relatively small snap-on two-pole add-on module 1110coupled to one end of a two-pole main circuit breaker 1112 or optionallyto a separate local controller (not shown), which can optionally serveas an aggregator for other circuit breakers 1114,1116.

Example 30

FIG. 19 shows a PVM system 1200 including a main circuit breaker 1202,which functions as or in conjunction with a local controller and/orgateway (not shown), and a plurality of PVM circuit breakers 1204. Sixof eight of the example PVM circuit breakers 1204 include add-on modules1206, and one of those six PVM circuit breakers 1206 includes a further“stacked” add-on module 1208. The “stacked” add-on module 1208 permitscombining features of multiple add-on modules with differentfunctionality onto the same circuit breaker, such as 1204, and itscorresponding power circuit (not shown). For instance, an EV add-onmodule 1206 combined with an RFID authentication add-on module 1208authenticates a user operatively associated with the EV to be chargedbefore every charge session. For example, communication between the maincircuit breaker 1202 and the PVM circuit breakers 1204 is through two ofthe PVM circuit breakers 1204, through five of the add-on modules 1206,and through the “stacked” add-on module 1208.

For example, multiple circuit breakers 1204 and/or add-on modules1206,1208 are daisy-chained through expansion ports (e.g., 624 of FIG.12, 726 of FIG. 14) to a controller 1202 for a panel or enclosure (notshown), such that the controller acts as a gateway, central repositoryfor data, proxy device for a larger network, and/or a local stand-alonecontroller. Each device's expansion port can be coupled together in adaisy-chained fashion onto a common serial bus using a suitablecommunication protocol (e.g., without limitation, Modbus® over RS-485;Eaton® SMARTWIRE-DT™). One device can act as a “master” while all otherdevices are individually addressable slaves. The master device can haveits own controller logic and/or an additional communication interface toact as a gateway onto another communication protocol.

Example 31

FIG. 20 shows an example of expansion port electrical connections 1300,which electrically connect a circuit breaker 1302 to an add-on module1304 using a suitable serial interface 1306. The electrical connections1300 include expansion port pins 1308 at one end of the circuit breaker1302, expansion port receptacles 1310 at one end of the add-on module1304, and expansion port pins 1312 at the opposite end of the add-onmodule 1304. The disclosed expansion port includes eight exampleconductors: signal ground 1314, neutral 1316, COMM+ 1318, CONTROL PWR+1320, status 1322, contact control 1324, COMM− 1326, and CONTROL PWR−1328. Status 1322 and contact control 1324 respectively report thestatus of and control the separable contacts (not shown, but see thecontrollable contacts 630 of PVM circuit breaker 600 of FIG. 11) of thecircuit breaker 1302. These signals 1322,1324 are referenced to signalground 1314. COMM+1318 and COMM− 1326 either provide communicationsbetween the circuit breaker 1302 and the add-on module 1304, or routethe COMM+ 1318 and COMM− 1326 signals of the circuit breaker 1302through the add-on module 1304. CONTROL PWR+ 1320 and CONTROL PWR− 1328provide power from the circuit breaker 1302 to the add-on module 1304.

The example serial port provided by COMM+ 1318 and COMM− 1326 exchangeson/off control, provides an interface for external and/or remotecommunication, reports status information (e.g., without limitation,on/off/tripped; fault reason; fault time; time until reset; number ofoperations; serial number; clock; firmware version; time/clock), andreports metering values (e.g., without limitation, time-stamped values;voltage; current; power consumed by the load; power generated and fedinto the panel). The time-stamped values can include net energy(watt-hours) (e.g., broken down by real, active, and reactive types,where each type contains forward, reverse, net, and total); and peakdemand (watts) (e.g., calculated within a configurable time window sizeand reset at configurable time intervals). The example serial portincludes a suitable serial bus in order to pass communications betweenmultiple circuit breakers and add-on modules as was discussed above inconnection with FIG. 19.

The expansion port controls the controllable separable contacts 630 ofthe PVM circuit breaker 600 (FIG. 12), reports the state of suchseparable contacts, and can be used to provide power to the embeddedelectronics from an external power source.

The power prongs or stabs (e.g., 708,710 of FIG. 14) fit into thetermination points (e.g., 614,616 of FIG. 12) of the circuit breaker1302 in order to provide power signals to the add-on module 1304. Theadd-on module 1304 has corresponding termination points 712,714 (FIG.14) on the other side for the electric load (not shown) or foradditional “stacked” add-on modules (e.g., 1208 of FIG. 19) that may beadded.

The add-on module expansion port receptacles 1310 have the samecommunication format as the expansion port pins 1312, but are theopposite gender for mating with the circuit breaker expansion port pins1308.

Example 32

FIGS. 21 and 22 (Examples 33 and 34, respectively) show circuit breakers1400 and 1450, respectively, which are similar to the PVM circuitbreaker 600 of FIGS. 11-13. The main difference is that these circuitbreakers 1400 and 1450 include a single set of separable contacts1406A,1406B or 1452,1454 per conductor (e.g., without limitation, hotline; neutral). The separable contacts 1406 are controlled for thepurpose of on/off control and optionally for ground fault protectionusing the add-on module 700 of FIG. 14 or the logic circuit 604.However, thermal-magnetic protection through another set of separablecontacts is not provided.

In contrast to Example 3, the thermal-magnetic protection is, instead,implemented, for example and without limitation, in control electronicsfirmware of the logic circuit 604, somewhat similar to how the groundfault protection is provided thereby.

For example, the single sets of separable contacts 1406A,1406B can eachbe solid-state, with all protective and electric load (e.g., EV)functions being provided by a single electronic switching device.

The disclosed relay 44 of FIG. 4A is preferably small enough to fitinside the circuit breakers 1400,1450 and handle switching under loadfor current values under normal conditions (e.g., rated current). Therelay 44, however, is not capable of opening, without damage, underfault conditions of ten times rated current. Hence, in that example, theexample thermal-magnetic protection is employed in series with thesecond set of controllable separable contacts 24′ of FIG. 4A.

Although separable contacts 24′,1406A,1406B are disclosed, suitablesolid state separable contacts can be employed. For example, thedisclosed circuit breaker 2 includes a suitable circuit interruptermechanism, such as the separable contacts 24′ that are opened and closedby the operating mechanism of the relay 44, although the disclosedconcept is applicable to a wide range of circuit interruption mechanisms(e.g., without limitation, solid state switches like FET or IGBTdevices; contactor contacts) and/or solid state based control/protectiondevices (e.g., without limitation, drives; soft-starters; DC/DCconverters) and/or operating mechanisms (e.g., without limitation,electrical, electro-mechanical, or mechanical mechanisms).

Example 33

In the PVM circuit breaker 1400 of FIG. 21, the circuit breaker handle642 and the thermal-magnetic protection function 628 of FIG. 12 arereplaced by an on/off button 1402 and a fuse 1404. Here, the separablecontacts 1406 can be, for example and without limitation, the relayseparable contacts 24′ of FIG. 4A or, preferably, a suitable solid stateswitching device, which can handle switching under both normal and faultconditions.

In this example, the thermal-magnetic protection separable contacts(first circuit breaking element) 629 of FIG. 13 are eliminated. Thisallows for automatic-reset and remote control, even if an overcurrent orshort circuit condition causes the fault. Additional short circuitprotection is provided by the fuse 1404, which is electrically connectedin series with the separable contacts 1406A in the hot line. Instead ofthe circuit breaker handle 642, the on/off button 1402 is input by thelogic circuit 604, which controls the on or off state of the single setsof separable contacts 1406A,1406B for each of the hot line and theneutral line, respectively.

If a resettable fuse 1404 is employed, then it would automatically resetafter a fault was cleared. Otherwise, the fuse 1404 would blow and,therefore, need replacement after a fault current. The single set ofseparable contacts 1406 can be used at all other times.

Alternatively, software of the logic circuit 604 can emulate the fuse1404 and trip the relay 44 (not shown, but see FIG. 4A) right before thefuse 1404 blows, if the fault can be detected fast enough.

Example 34

The circuit breaker 1450 of FIG. 22 is similar to the circuit breaker1400 of FIG. 21, except that the fuse 1404 is not employed. Also, inthis example, each of the sets of the separable contacts 1452,1454 is asuitable solid state switching device, which can handle switching underboth normal and fault conditions.

Example 35

Since PVM circuit breakers, such as for example 600,1400,1450, caninclude a wide range of features, various different add-on modules canbe employed. For example, the EV add-on module 700 (FIG. 14) is coupledto the PVM circuit breaker 600 (FIGS. 11-13) with ground faultprotection.

Examples 36-62 discuss a variety of different add-on modules, such as626 of FIG. 11.

Example 36

An authentication add-on module performs user authentication using, forexample and without limitation, RFID or the Internet. This can allocateusage of power into, for example, groups, power circuits, and users.

Example 37

A tenant billing software add-on module reads metering information fromthe PVM circuit breaker expansion port 624 and performs tenantmetering/billing for a property owner. This function can be combinedwith the authentication add-on module (Example 36) (e.g., as shown withthe add-on module 1206 and the “stacked” add-on module 1208 of FIG. 19)to charge individual users instead of individual branch circuits.

Example 38

A communications/protocol add-on module enables the PVM circuit breaker600 to communicate using different protocols or languages to theelectric utility, customer or end devices. This can include controllingthe PVM circuit breaker 600 or displaying usage information, for exampleand without limitation, on a local webpage, through a cloud service, oron a suitable smart phone. Non-limiting communication examples include:Wi-Fi; cellular; Ethernet; serial; Smart Energy®; OpenADR™; BacNET™;Modbus®; power line carrier (PLC); SmartWire DT; IEC 61850; and DNP3.

Example 39

A schedule add-on module performs scheduling to turn on/off electricloads. This can be employed, for example and without limitation, tocontrol exterior lighting with sunset/sunrise, cycle a pool pump toreduce energy usage, and have different and programmable holidayschedules.

Example 40

An analog/digital input add-on module allows analog or digital inputs tobe communicated through PVM circuit breakers, such as 600, and programcontrol thereof (e.g., without limitation, solar harvesting; digitalswitches; shunt trip).

Example 41

A programmable logic controller (PLC) add-on module implements PLCladder logic for control and/or monitoring.

Example 42

A proprietary main circuit breaker add-on module provides all of thefunctionality of a corresponding proprietary main circuit breaker insideof the add-on module.

Example 43

A group control add-on module allows programming to control groups ofcircuit breakers instead of just one circuit breaker.

Example 44

A lighting add-on module provides scheduling and dimming functions. Thiscan also provide alerts when the lights go out by detecting acorresponding drop in current.

Example 45

A power signature add-on module performs analysis of the voltage/current(V-I) curves for a known, dedicated load type and determines, notifiesand/or trips for any failures that occur.

Example 46

A load ID add-on module identifies a specific load (e.g., down to theserial number) or load category (e.g., in terms of current rating ordevice type) when it is electrically connected. This module can employ,for example and without limitation, NFC/RFID (Near FieldCommunications/RFID) or power line carrier for identification purposes).

Example 47

A load annunciation and power interlock add-on module provides EVinterfaces for EV applications.

Example 48

A surge protection add-on module provides surge protection for anindividual circuit breaker, for a main circuit breaker, or for an entirecircuit breaker panel.

Example 49

A battery management system add-on module controls an external inverterto properly charge batteries.

Example 50

A DC inverter/DC distribution system add-on module places an inverterand DC distribution system inside the circuit breaker panel to provideDC power from the load center. This could be used to charge electronicsand power other DC devices.

Example 51

A data storage add-on module increases the storage capacity for a PVMcircuit breaker. This can be employed, for example and withoutlimitation, to store relatively larger amounts of metering data, keep aplug session history for the EV add-on module, or store relativelylarger amounts of allocation to specific users.

Example 52

A power manager—load coordinator add-on module commands loads to operatein a coordinated fashion to minimize power/energy demand and ultimatelycost based on time-of-use or real-time prices.

Example 53

A ground fault add-on module provides ground fault protection withadjustable ground fault current thresholds.

Example 54

An arc fault add-on module provides arc fault protection.

Example 55

A building automation controller add-on module permits a load center toperform building automation connectivity, management and programming.

Example 56

An HVAC controller add-on module controls and cycles a compressor (e.g.,turns off the compressor, but leave the fan running), provides augmentedlearning techniques, and saves energy. For commercial buildings, itcontrols devices, such as actuators and dampers.

Example 57

A remote control add-on module controls a power circuit with a switch ora smart phone application. A simple variant is a dry contact to controlthe circuit breaker. A more advanced version is securely connected tothe cloud to be controlled from any remote location.

Example 58

An advanced metering add-on module provides advanced metering functions(e.g., without limitation, harmonics; sags; swells; power factor;waveform capture for faults).

Example 59

An energy efficiency and analysis add-on module provides recommendationsfor how to save energy. This can include, for example and withoutlimitation, reports on usage (e.g., down to branch circuits) combinedwith weather, solar output, and which circuits have phantom loads thatcould be turned off.

Example 60

A meter verification add-on module verifies an individual meter bytaking a circuit breaker out of service, running known amounts of energythrough the circuit breaker, and comparing the meter output. This can beperformed on a schedule or on demand with the results reported back tothe electric utility or other facility.

Example 61

An islanding main circuit breaker add-on module trips the main circuitbreaker when power is lost from the electric utility (and closes it whenit is reestablished) in order to safely allow a home with powergeneration capability to have electric power in a utility islanded mode.Otherwise, a serious safety issue can occur which could kill orseriously injure an outside utility worker by having electric powerappear upstream where it normally should not be (e.g., duringmaintenance activities).

Example 62

A circuit breaker add-on module can provide circuit breaker control andmonitoring through the circuit breaker expansion port 624 (FIG. 12).Also, additional logic can check the status (e.g., open; closed;tripped; indication of trip type, if available) of the circuit breakerand can override the controllable separable contacts 630. In someembodiments, the controllable separable contacts 630 can be externallycontrolled by the add-on module, which can: (1) vary trip curves; (2)vary interlock mechanisms/logic stored and commanded by the logiccircuit 604; (3) vary protective functions and identify current andvoltage signatures; (4) determine the “wellness” of the downstreamelectric load device; (5) report load health information through acommunications port (e.g., 726 of FIG. 14); and (6) open thecontrollable separable contacts 630 (FIG. 12) if the health reaches anunsatisfactory level.

While specific embodiments of the disclosed concept have been describedin detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art thatvarious modifications and alternatives to those details could bedeveloped in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure.Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to beillustrative only and not limiting as to the scope of the disclosedconcept which is to be given the full breadth of the claims appended andany and all equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A power vending circuit breaker for an electricload, said power vending circuit breaker comprising: a plurality offirst terminals; a plurality of second terminals; a number of separablecontacts, at least one of said number of separable contacts beingelectrically connected between one of said first terminals and one ofsaid second terminals; a thermal-magnetic protection circuitelectrically connected in series with said at least one of said numberof separable contacts between said one of said first terminals and saidone of said second terminals; a metering circuit within said powervending circuit breaker and operatively associated with power flowingthrough said at least one of said number of separable contacts betweensaid one of said first terminals and said one of said second terminals;a mechanism structured to open or close said number of separablecontacts; a processor within said power vending circuit breaker andstructured to cause said mechanism to open or close said number ofseparable contacts, to input a plurality of power values from saidmetering circuit and to determine a plurality of energy values; and acommunication mechanism cooperating with said processor to communicatesaid energy values to a remote location.
 2. The power vending circuitbreaker of claim 1 wherein said number of separable contacts comprises aplurality of sets of separable contacts; wherein said at least one ofsaid number of separable contacts is a first one of said sets ofseparable contacts; and wherein said metering circuit comprises a firstcurrent sensor electrically connected in series with said first one ofsaid sets of separable contacts between said one of said first terminalsand said one of said second terminals, a second current sensorelectrically connected in series with a second one of said sets ofseparable contacts between another one of said first terminals andanother one of said second terminals, a first voltage sensor sensing afirst voltage operatively associated with said first one of said sets ofseparable contacts, a second voltage sensor sensing a second voltageoperatively associated with said second one of said sets of separablecontacts, and a power metering circuit cooperating with said first andsecond current sensors and said first and second voltage sensors toprovide the plurality of power values to said processor.
 3. The powervending circuit breaker of claim 1 wherein said communication mechanismincludes an expansion port communicating with a number of add-onmodules.
 4. The power vending circuit breaker of claim 3 wherein saidelectric load is an electric vehicle; and wherein said number of add-onmodules is an electric vehicle add-on module interfacing said electricvehicle, said electric vehicle add-on module being structured tocommunicate with said electric vehicle, detect a ground fault in a powercircuit between said power vending circuit breaker and said electricvehicle, and control said plurality of sets of separable contactsthrough said expansion port.
 5. The power vending circuit breaker ofclaim 3 wherein said electric load is an inverter; and wherein saidnumber of add-on modules is a solar or photovoltaic add-on moduleinterfacing said inverter.
 6. The power vending circuit breaker of claim5 wherein said solar or photovoltaic add-on module comprises acommunication circuit interfaced to said expansion port; saidcommunication circuit including a first communication port structured tointerface said inverter and a second communication port structured tointerface an electric utility.
 7. The power vending circuit breaker ofclaim 3 wherein said electric load is HVAC equipment; and wherein saidnumber of add-on modules is an HVAC add-on module interfacing said HVACequipment, said HVAC add-on module comprising a communication circuitinterfaced to said expansion port, a wireless communication circuitinterfaced to said communication circuit, a thermostat, a plurality ofsolid state relays, a plurality of terminals for HVAC signals driven bysaid solid state relays, and a processor cooperating with saidcommunication circuit, said thermostat and said solid state relays tocontrol and monitor said HVAC equipment.
 8. The power vending circuitbreaker of claim 3 wherein said number of add-on modules is a pluralityof add-on modules comprising a first add-on module and a second add-onmodule, said first add-on module comprising a communication circuitinterfaced to said expansion port, said second add-on module beinginterfaced to said first add-on module.
 9. The power vending circuitbreaker of claim 8 wherein said electric load is an electric vehicle;wherein said first add-on module is an electric vehicle add-on moduleinterfacing said electric vehicle, said electric vehicle add-on modulebeing structured to communicate with said electric vehicle, detect aground fault in a power circuit between said power vending circuitbreaker and said electric vehicle, and control said plurality of sets ofseparable contacts through said expansion port; and wherein said secondadd-on module is an RFID authentication add-on module structured toauthenticate a user operatively associated with said electric vehicle.10. The power vending circuit breaker of claim 3 wherein said powervending circuit breaker is a two-pole circuit breaker; and wherein saidnumber of add-on modules is a two-pole add-on module coupled to one endof said two-pole circuit breaker or coupled to one side of said two-polecircuit breaker with a plurality of jumpers therebetween.
 11. The powervending circuit breaker of claim 3 wherein said expansion port is afirst expansion port comprising a plurality of conductors for a serialcommunication interface between said first expansion port and saidadd-on module, signal ground, neutral, control power, status of saidpower vending circuit breaker, and control of said number of separablecontacts.
 12. A circuit breaker for an electric load, said circuitbreaker comprising: a plurality of first terminals; a plurality ofsecond terminals; a number of separable contacts each of which iselectrically connected between one of said first terminals and one ofsaid second terminals; a mechanism structured to open or close saidnumber of separable contacts; and a processor structured to cause saidmechanism to open or close said number of separable contacts, annunciatethrough one of said second terminals a power circuit electricalparameter for said electric load, receive from a number of said secondterminals a confirmation from or on behalf of said electric load tocause said mechanism to close said number of separable contacts, anddetermine a fault state operatively associated with current flowingthrough said number of separable contacts.
 13. The circuit breaker ofclaim 12 wherein said first terminals include a line terminal and aneutral terminal; and wherein said number of separable contacts are twosets of separable contacts; wherein said second terminals include a loadterminal and a load neutral terminal; wherein a first set of said twosets of separable contacts is electrically connected between said lineterminal and said load terminal; and wherein a second set of said twosets of separable contacts is electrically connected between saidneutral terminal and said load neutral terminal.
 14. The circuit breakerof claim 12 wherein a fuse is electrically connected in series with oneof said number of separable contacts; and wherein each of said number ofseparable contacts is a solid state switching device.